Natural habitat Essay Example for Free

Natural habitat Essay Gibson and recorded that, of the 36 participants, 27 infants moved off the centre board. Of this 27 only 3 crossed onto the deep side. These results strongly suggest that almost all babies, at the age of mobility have depth perception abilities. They noticed that most of the infants crawling away from the deep side or cried when called to their mothers. Some infants even touched or patted the glass surface, so they knew that it was solid, but still refused to cross onto it. This is evidence for the idea that humans are particularly visual creatures; even if our other senses are telling us otherwise, we are likely to rely strongly on our vision. Gibson and Walk also noted that several babies moved onto the glass accidentally when trying to move away from it, which shows that accidents like falling off a cliff face will still occur even if the baby has depth perception as they are not as aware of their bodies as adults. Due to the fact that the children were required to be mobile, and this meant the minimum age was six months, Gibson Walk had to use animals as control groups to certify that the babies had not simply learnt depth perception in their first five months through experience and observation in their environment. Animals such as turtles, rats, cats, lambs, kittens, chicks and kids were used. The results of the chicks, kids and lambs were particularly important as all of these animals are precocial and would have had little opportunity in the few hours between birth and being tested to develop depth perception. The chicks, which were all tested within 24 hours of birth all moved onto the shallow side and none crossed over to the deep side. Both kids and lambs also did not step onto the deep side once, and when placed onto the deep side, became distressed and froze still. Rats however, who use their whiskers to navigate, saw little or no preference for either side. This is because they are nocturnal and completely rely on their vibrissae to comprehend their environment. They also found that when the centre board was placed high enough that they could not reach it with their vibrissae, the rats avoided the deep side, showing much more preference for the shallow side. Kittens at four weeks, displayed the same reactions as the lambs, chicks and kids and Gibson and Walk also used dark-reared kittens to investigate the development of the visual system. Kittens that were reared in the dark for the first 27 days of life showed no discrimination between either side. However, when kept in normal lighting conditions, they gained normal depth perception after only one week. Turtles were also tested. Although it was hypothesised that turtles may be attracted to the shiny surface of the glass over the deep side, believing it to resemble water, the turtles also showed levels of depth perception. However, only 76% of turtles managed to avoid the deep side. This large minority suggests that turtles have poor depth perception as a species. This is probably due to their natural habitat; they are less at risk from a fall due to the fact that they spend a majority of their time under water. It is also possible that their depth perception is slightly different to land animals, as they are used to perceiving depths under water, in which distances will appear slightly different. Kids were also used in an alternative test in which they were placed on the shallow side of the glass. The goats appeared fine to stand and move across the surface however when the pattern was lowered, the goats became distressed and froze as soon as it was more than a foot below. The kids never learnt that the glass was solid and therefore safe to stand on, no matter how long they stood on the deep side. Six main conclusions can be draw from this study; human babies have depth perception by the time they are mobile but it is possible this is through experience in their environment before this point. This study also supports the nativist view that we are born with the ability to perceive depth and that the visual system just has to develop for this to be fully functioning (although it does not prove that depth perception is innate). Findings usually fit with the life history and ecological place of the animal being studied (for example, dark reared cats visual systems had not yet developed properly). All animals tested showed depth perception by the age of mobility. Habitat can affect our ability to perceive depth, for example, turtles, whose natural habitat does not require particularly accurate depth perception, show much lower levels of depth perception than other land animals. Studies with rats in which the experimenter changed the size and shape of the pattern to eliminate certain cues suggested that shape and motion cues need to develop over time whereas motion parallax is innate (supported by Yonas et als study into babies depth perception in photographs).

Santeria and Lukumi Religions Practiced by Hispanic Caribbeans :: Religion Religious Caribbean Essays

Santeria and Lukumi Religions Practiced by Hispanic Carribeans Religious origins: The Yoruba religion was brought to the Hispanic Caribbean approximately four hundred years ago by African slaves during the period of conquest and colonization of the new world. The religion remained traditionally strong among the African community until the Spanish conquerors began to prohibit its practice. When the Spaniards reached the New lands they brought with them the religion of the reigning King. That is Queen Isabella's religion; Catholosism. The conquerors forced the slaves to accept the Catholic faith as their new religion. The African, stripped already of their dignity refuse to give up their religious beliefs, this belief being all they brought with them. Knowing of the negative ramnifications, punishment and sometimes even death if caught "devil worshipping" it meant that in order to continue to worship theri Gods the angry Africans had to find a way to practice thier religion. They astutely hide theri religion behind Catholic religious practices and saints. The religion is therefore called "Santeria" or the way of the saints. According to Migene Gonzalez-Wippler Santeria is neither a cult or a sect. "It is a monotheistic religion, where God is seen as the creator of the Universe and of humanity. The orishas, syncretized with catholic saints, are repositories of God’s powers and the mediators between humanity and the Supreme Being. During this same period the Lukumi religion was also developed. The Lukumi religion is very similar to that of Santeria, while Santeria utlizes the Catholic Saints and prayers for ritualistic purposes Lukumi does not. Lukumi tends to make African images to represent the Orisha and makes little or no use of Christian prayers. The Lukumi religion is a less diluted form of Orisha worship and was mostly concentrated in Cuba. In Santeria, Yorubas then continue to worship and honor the Orishas and to practice their strong religious beliefs. The Yoruba rituals are modified and made similar to that of the Catholic religion. As aforementioned , when the Africans where brought to Cuba and the other New Lands they saw themselves forced to disguise theri ancestral religion and to embrace the church of theri captors. This created a complex religious mixture of beliefs. Because of its roots in Africa the worship of the saints has been a misunderstood religion, sometimes reffered to as unciviliazed and almost always viewed as a dark religion or a devil worshipping religion.

Outline and assess Essay

The view that ethnic inequalities in educational achievement are caused by teachers and processes within school is a complex argument. Within school there is a clear pattern which demonstrates that the white population perform much better than the ethnic minorities which are doing worse, there are clear and concise figures from the Office for National Statistics, 47% of White British Males achieve 5 or more A- C at GCSE in comparison to 39% of Pakistani Male. There are studies which show that ethnic inequalities at school influence educational achievement, for instance; sociologist Wright (1992) study shows that teacher racism is still existent in schools. On the other hand, if this was the case that ethnic inequalities produced in schools, cause a failure in educational achievement then why is it that Chinese (69% of boys) and Indian (61% of boys) are significantly outperforming the white population (47% of boys). See more: essay apa format Therefore, this does not mean that ethnic inequalities are caused at school and that there could be cultural explanations at home which influence the failure of educational achievement, e. g. in Afro-Caribbean culture there is a high rate of male desertion which creates a barrier for education. In this essay I will outline whether processes within school i. e. ethnic inequalities influence the failure of educational achievement or would be the factors at home which influence this. There is much evidence which supports the view that ethnic inequalities in educational achievement are caused by teachers, as mentioned the study by Wright (1992). He had acknowledged that teachers had held racist labels for students of an Asian background, as they believed that Asian students had a poor knowledge of the English language which had meant that when during classroom discussions they would be left out due to this disadvantage or whilst discussion are taking place they would be spoken to in more simpler terms for them to understand. This shows how they haven’t been given an equal opportunity to join in rather they were just left out because of their disadvantage, this process makes them feel not part of the classroom therefore could also produce sub-cultures which is the most likely outcome. Interactionists study how teacher’s labelling has an influence on pupils educational achievement and how the label from different ethnic groups causes ethnic inequalities amongst the pupils. The main ethnicities which were affected by racial labelling were the Black and Asian pupils. Wright’s study also showed that Asian girls were seen as discreet and submissive this stereotyped them into being ‘invisible’ in class. Afro-Caribbeans were seen as both with behavioural problems and of low academic potential, resulting into conflicts with teachers. To contradict the view that Asians are predominantly racially abused, sociologist Fuller’s studies (1984) found that the teacher’s labels were a way of motivation for them. The labels which were given already by teachers as to becoming failures, made students more and more determined to achieve success and especially to prove the teacher wrong that they can be successful. This would be the case for students of a Chinese and Indian heritage; 70% of Chinese boys were achieving 5 or more A* – C grades at GCSE and 61% of Indian boys were to, in contrast to just 47% of White British Boys (Office for National Statistics). This shows that even ethnic minorities were achieving substantially higher than students of a British background, this challenges the Interactionists perspective as it shows that ethnic inequalities can be a good source of competitiveness and that it does not have to cause a failure in regards to educational achievement. However, there are further suggestions from sociologist Mirza’s study (1992)which supports the view that ethnic inequalities within educational achievement are caused by teachers and the processes within school themselves. Her study ‘Failed Strategies for Avoiding Racism’ outlines how some students are not able to develop strategies which help to cope with ethnic inequalities such as when they are faced with teacher racism and teacher labelling. Her study found that when black pupils were discussing careers and plans for further education they had ‘cooled down’; this shows how sub-standard they are viewed as they didn’t help them by providing guidance instead they casually just listened. She identified that there were three types of teacher racism; the first one being that they were ‘colour blind’: this meant that teachers views of all the pupils were equal however during practise they allowed racism to go unchallenged, this was passive racism. The second type was the ‘liberal chauvinists’ they had views of Black pupils being less privileged in terms of culture, which had led them to have low-expectations of their academic ability. Lastly, the ‘overt racists’: teachers would classify black pupils as ‘second class’ they were less superior and were discriminated actively. Also in 2007 a published report by Channel 4, they had uncovered the level of degree of racist attacks at schools, they had access to these rights via the Freedom of Information Act. The report had showed that over the past years there had been a substantial rise in the number of racial attacks a staggering 100,000 occurrences had been documented, this shows how racial attacks are still in Contemporary Britain and that they are still rising in today’s world. Nothing has been done to stop these incidents from happening and they are still going unnoticed. This view is also argued by Mirza, she believes that this is still a significant problem and that these figures are an underestimation of the problem itself. If this problem is not stopped this could further lead to a barrage of bullying as well as they are likely to underperform in their education. As well as this, the influence which teacher labelling has on pupils when they try to cope with teacher racism reinforces subcultures within the school. This is the case especially for Afro-Caribbean students as there are numerous studies which emphasise this point, one of the most significant studies from Gillbourn and Youdell’s (2000) study ‘Rationing Education’, the study showed that teachers were quick and hasty when it came to disciplining Black pupils which had shown bad behaviour and when it came to the other ethnicities whom had a similar behaviour were more lenient. This would be because teachers had held ‘racialised expectations’, as such teachers misinterpret behaviour and see Black pupils as anti-authority. This inturn creates conflict between teachers and pupils which reinforce stereotypes and leads to further problems. On the other hand, there are several, external reasons for why there are ethnic inequalities in education. One of the main ones would be language; foreign students would experience obvious difficulties when learning because English is not their first language. They would have difficulty interacting with other students as well as the teacher having the English language not their usual language; this would be the case for black British students as they are perceived as having non-standard English. Sociologist Mac an Gail (1988) supports this view, as he states that speakers of black British English may be labelled as less intelligent because of the form of language they use. As a consequence of this students may feel prejudiced against and actually use their language to ‘resist’ schooling. Lastly, in support of the statement there is further evidence from Sociologist Tony Sewell he had conducted an observation at a boy’s secondary school. Sewell (1998) observed the different approaches Black boys use when they cope with racism. He outlined that there were four main responses to teacher racism; the first response was the conforming type, this was suggested as there was clear evidence which had shown that majority of black pupils accepted the values of the school and they were keen to be successful. Next was the rebellious type, this was the most influential group but was still a minority; this subculture rejected the values of the school and opposed the school by joining a peer group. These reinforced the negative stereotypes of ‘Black Machismo’. Thereafter, the retreatists who were a small minority which were secluded and disengaged from peer group subcultures and the school. Lastly the innovators, they were the second largest subculture who was both pro-education as well as anti-school. They distanced themselves from ‘Conformists’ enough to keep credibility with the ‘Rebels’ whilst valuing education success. From Sewell’s conclusion it was clear that teachers had held a stereotype of ‘Black Machismo’ – seeing Black pupils as rebellious and anti-authority. To conclude from this, I do agree with the statement that ethnic inequalities in educational achievement are caused by teachers and the process within school however to some level degree. There is much evidence which supports this view as sociologist Mirza and Sewell have similar arguments which support the statement as teacher racism and labelling is very influential in terms of educational achievement. If students feel undermined by education because of labelling they would conform to being a ‘failure’ as because of their teacher’s expectations. However, it is fair to say that it could also work the other way and motivate students to become better and prove their teacher that they have the capability for success (being the case for Chinese and Indian students). There are also factors such as culture and language which have an influence and also can reproduce ethnic inequalities in educational achievement.

Feminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality...

Feminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which will never have equal rights nor opportunities that men receive for their gender, living their lives in â€Å"utter boredom and lack of fulfillment.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Prologue To a Social Movement) â€Å"Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Introduction) Along with being shut into a domestic lifestyle, women also carried no control over their house and â€Å"cou ld not exercise control over their own children without the permission of their husbands.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Introduction) Books and media also kept the social stigma in place by portraying women as â€Å"silly and frivolous creatures, born to be subordinate to men.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Influence of the Enlightenment) Around the time of the Enlightenment, which took place in the mid-seventeenth century and eighteenth century bringing forth dramatic changes in science, philosophy, society, and politics, female philosophers andShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Social, Political, And Economic Equality Of The Sexes2749 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This definition comes from the dictionary, has been used in the now famous ted talk â€Å"We Should All be Feminists† by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and even sampled in a Beyoncà © song. Despite an in crease of feminist discourse in the mainstream media, American society continues to view feminism as a dirty word and feminists as radicals. These stereotypes have caused negative perceptions of women who identifyRead MoreFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1619 Words   |  7 PagesWuthering Heights: Feminism Feminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which willRead MoreFeminism Is The Belief Of Political, Economic And Social Equality Of The Sexes833 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism by: Laura Capellà ¡n Feminism is the belief in political, economic and social equality of the sexes and is one of the leading conflicts in today s society. In the past years, women had faced many battles to fight and give these rights to women who have been deprived of their rights and privileges that were never given to them by men. I believe that every person is entitled to have equal opportunities in this world. Feminism has proven to slowly accomplishing this. Even if it meantRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreFeminism : A Social, Economic, And Social Equality Of The Sexes1465 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism. This seemingly harmless word can ruin or heighten a person’s reputation, it can give someone new views on the world, it can destroy relationships, it can build new ones; this single word can change lives. 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This was my first experience of social feminism, followed years later by learning the definition of feminism and learning to also see discrimination politically and economicallyRead MoreThe Social, Political, And Economic Equality Between The Sexes1680 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, feminism is â€Å"the social, political, and economic equality between the sexes.† When the first wave began, proclaiming oneself as a feminist was radical. However, people knew the real meaning at that time, that is, the actual definition. In the new wave of feminism, people have come to see this word as an ugly and undesirable title. The word itself has become skewed and twisted by the people who are ag ainst the movement, giving it a negative connotation. Instead of imagining a braveRead MoreDoes Feminism Create Equality?1037 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Feminism Create Equality? Feminism is an umbrella term for people who think there is something wrong with the idea that gender has the capability to limit an individual’s social and political right. Even if there is inequality between men and women, feminism has never been the main reason to give women their civil rights. Feminism started among European activists in the 19th century, when women were not treated equally and were not elected to high positions of power. Indeed, it sought to eliminateRead MoreFeminism And The Reality Behind Feminism Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesaspect of social, political, and economic rights. Ironically the respondents agree with what feminism stands for. The confusion is the result of several negative connotations associated with the term. Such associations led to believe that feminists are â€Å"man-hating,† resulting in the comparison of the derogatory term â€Å"feminazi† first used by Rush Limbaugh. The discrepancy between the stereotypical view of fe minism and the reality behind feminism is due to the different and specific form of feminism: Radical Feminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality... Wuthering Heights: Feminism Feminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which will never have equal rights nor opportunities that men receive for their gender, living their lives in â€Å"utter boredom and lack of fulfillment.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Prologue To a Social Movement) â€Å"Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Introduction) Along with being shut into a domestic lifestyle, women also carried no control over their house and â€Å"cou ld not exercise control over their own children without the permission of their husbands.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Introduction) Books and media also kept the social stigma in place by portraying women as â€Å"silly and frivolous creatures, born to be subordinate to men.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Influence of the Enlightenment) Around the time of the Enlightenment, which took place in the mid-seventeenth century and eighteenth century bringing forth dramatic changes in science, philosophy, society, andShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Social, Political, And Economic Equality Of The Sexes2749 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This definition comes from the dictionary, has been used in the now famous ted talk â€Å"We Should All be Feminists† by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and even sampled in a Beyoncà © song. Despite an increase of feminist discourse in th e mainstream media, American society continues to view feminism as a dirty word and feminists as radicals. These stereotypes have caused negative perceptions of women who identifyRead MoreFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1616 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which will never have equal rights norRead MoreFeminism Is The Belief Of Political, Economic And Social Equality Of The Sexes833 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism by: Laura Capellà ¡n Feminism is the belief in political, economic and social equality of the sexes and is one of the leading conflicts in today s society. In the past years, women had faced many battles to fight and give these rights to women who have been deprived of their rights and privileges that were never given to them by men. I believe that every person is entitled to have equal opportunities in this world. Feminism has proven to slowly accomplishing this. Even if it meantRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreFeminism : A Social, Economic, And Social Equality Of The Sexes1465 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism. This seemingly harmless word can ruin or heighten a person’s reputation, it can give someone new views on the world, it can destroy relationships, it can build new ones; this single word can change lives. Most people categorize â€Å"feminism† as a code for women that tells them to hate men, not shave, burn bras, be vegan, and if there is any time left over maybe, just maybe, to fight for women’s rights. Now, there are definitely feminists that fulfill this stereotype but the vast majority ofRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or th e most recent, should not be supported, because they often tell myths that are just not true or usually use aRead MoreFeminism And Gender And Ethnic Studies1172 Words   |  5 PagesMy Interpretation of Feminism Feminism has had a deep impact on me since I was infantile. Though she never mentioned it, my mother was an active feminist. I grew up playing with toys considered to belong to either sex. I was taught to be strong and to let my emotions out, and I was given freedom to make my own identity. This was my first experience of social feminism, followed years later by learning the definition of feminism and learning to also see discrimination politically and economicallyRead MoreThe Social, Political, And Economic Equality Between The Sexes1680 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, feminism is â€Å"the social, political, and economic equality between the sexes.† When the first wave began, proclaiming oneself as a feminist was radical. However, people knew the real meaning at that time, that is, the actual definition. In the new wave of feminism, people have come to see this word as an ugly and undesirable title. The word itself has become skewed and twisted by the people who are ag ainst the movement, giving it a negative connotation. Instead of imagining a braveRead MoreDoes Feminism Create Equality?1037 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Feminism Create Equality? Feminism is an umbrella term for people who think there is something wrong with the idea that gender has the capability to limit an individual’s social and political right. Even if there is inequality between men and women, feminism has never been the main reason to give women their civil rights. Feminism started among European activists in the 19th century, when women were not treated equally and were not elected to high positions of power. Indeed, it sought to eliminateRead MoreFeminism And The Reality Behind Feminism Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesaspect of social, political, and economic rights. Ironically the respondents agree with what feminism stands for. The confusion is the result of several negative connotations associated with the term. Such associations led to believe that feminists are â€Å"man-hating,† resulting in the comparison of the derogatory term â€Å"feminazi† first used by Rush Limbaugh. The discrepancy between the stereotypical view of fe minism and the reality behind feminism is due to the different and specific form of feminism: Radical